Decision-making in a retailer-led closed-loop supply chain involving a third-party logistics provider

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>This paper investigates decisions in a three-echelon closed-loop supply chain composed of one manufacturer, retailer, and third-party logistics provider (3PL), with the retailer being dominant. Inspired by game theory, we develop an equilibrium model for retailer-led, under outsourcing. We derive optimal forward reverse each member. This article analyzes effects market size, consumers' sensitivity to sales prices, proportion costs, environmental awareness, recycling prices on decision-making process. Finally, provide numerical example verify validity our conclusions. Our results indicate that higher manufacturer's share cost, price, wholesale service lower order quantity. The transfer amount, price. Whether it is or not, profits member.</p>